English : Guide to Biogas- From Production to Use.pdf. It is clean, organic and can be adapted to a wide variety of settings and economies, meaning that adopting it can be done on any scale and in any location. The profitability is considered for agricultural biogas plants, biogas production by wastewater or organic municipal waste is not included in detail. Compared to biomethane or natural gas, the energy content of biogas per unit mass is significantly lower. 2015). 2017)) and Austria (n=3, including (Saracevic et al. 2017), making it possible to operate profitably over its lifetime. Since the food market offers the most restrictive quality requirements, it would be therefore also conceivable to produce CO2 for other markets. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10137-4, Billig E, Decker M, Benzinger W, Ketelsen F, Pfeifer P, Peters R, Stolten D, Thrn D (2019) Non-fossil CO2 recyclingThe technical potential for the present and future utilization for fuels in Germany. By continuously tracking gas parameters, such as methane content and impurities, the Click! The feedstocks described above were considered in this reports assessment of the sustainable biogas and biomethane supply potential, and are further discussed in Section 3 below. Abstract. These include primarily subsidies, but also plant size and substrates. Carbon dioxide is captured during the upgrading of biogas to biomethane. Google Scholar, Bhatia RK, Ramadoss G, Jain AK, Dhiman RK, Bhatia SK, Bhatt AK (2020) Conversion of waste biomass into gaseous fuel: present status and challenges in India. Biogas Production - Everything You Need to Know - HomeBiogas This will mean that technology can develop further to create fuel cells and vehicle transportation, which is powered by biogas, making it one of the cleanest and most efficient fuels in almost every walk of life. During the anaerobic digestion process, bacteria begin to break down the waste without oxygen. Not only is the production of biogas good for the environment, but it also makes use of waste products which in turn can reduce the pollution of soil and water sources. Biogas Toolkit | US EPA Consequently, biogas plants could contribute to energy production and the reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere. Dont worry we wont send you spam or share your email address with anyone. https://doi.org/10.24425/aep.2019.126423, Karaeva JV (2021) Hydrogen production at centralized utilization of agricultural waste. Most biomethane production comes from upgrading biogas, so the feedstocks are the same as those described above. 2019) or the production of synthetic fuels (Eggemann et al. Furthermore, there are the possibilities of CO2 usage and H2 generation. We use some essential cookies to make this website work. Another option that has been considered in the literature is the direct use of biogas (Pathway 2: Direct usage of biogas). Currently, about 75% of biogas plants in the EU use the biogas for CHP production (Caldern et al. 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.044, Noussan M, Raimondi PP, Scita R, Hafner M (2021) The role of green and blue hydrogen in the energy transitiona technological and geopolitical perspective. Compared to the direct use of biomethane in the mobility sector, the feed-in into the natural gas grid has the disadvantage that the GHG reduction is reduced by adding propane and thus can be monetized comparatively worse (Patrizio et al. The main coproduct of biogas upgrading is CO2, which is produced in a relatively concentrated form and therefore could be used for industrial or agricultural purposes or combined with hydrogen to yield an additional stream of methane. 2. Sustainability 8:298. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040298, Carranza-Abaid A, Wanderley RR, Knuutila HK, Jakobsen JP (2021) Analysis and selection of optimal solvent-based technologies for biogas upgrading. Biogas production depends on a biological process, so it can't be completely controlled. Subsequently, the method of literature review is presented. systems help maintain ideal conditions for efficient biogas production. On the one hand, this has an influence on the amount of revenues by trading certificates for the reduction of GHG emissions and, on the other hand, on the competition with fossil fuels, which become comparatively more expensive due to a higher CO2 price, resulting in a competitive advantage for biogas. The rising interest in biomethane means that the number of operating plants worldwide (both biogas upgrading and biomass gasification facilities) is expected to exceed 1000 in the course of 2020. Osnabrck University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrck, Germany, Osnabrck University of Applied Sciences, Lingen (Ems), Germany, You can also search for this author in Appl Eng Agric 34:365375. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201600195, Heffels T, McKenna R, Fichtner W (2012) Direct marketing of electricity from biogas and biomethane: an economic analysis of several business models in Germany. Dzene and Romagnoli (2015) showed the possibilities of using biogas to balance the volatile feed-in from wind energy, whereas Br et al. The order of the individual steps for upgrading depends on the gas properties and the method of capturing the CO2 (Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH 2019a). 10 Keys to Digester Success Many factors are required to successfully implement and operate an anaerobic digestion/biogas system. These tax benefits may be tied to minimum GHG reduction standards, for example. Further investigations are needed to determine whether upgrading to hydrogen has any advantages. This can be realized by seasonal feeding, for example, adapted by the feedstock amounts used or substrates with different energy density. Large amounts of dry ice are used, especially in the food industry, dry ice service companies and the chemical and pharmaceutical industries (Horschig et al. Energy Convers Manag 125:309319. The highest mean fuel efficiency is achieved when all the heat produced can be used all year round (Fischer et al. This research was funded by the German Federal Environmental Foundation, grant number AZ 34663. 2016; Szarka et al. This can also be used to feed in biomethane during periods of lower sales. However, since the technology for upgrading is already available, this utilization pathway would be feasible in the short term. https://agriculture.newholland.com/eu/en-uk/equipment/products/agricultural-tractors/t6-methane-power. It is possible to generate a constant amount of energy in the CHP unit, the so-called baseload operation. A Guide to Biogas & It's Uses With the climate issues that we are now facing, more of the world than ever is looking for renewable sources of energy. JSAM:474, Kalinichenko A, Havrysh V (2019) Feasibility study of biogas project development: technology maturity, feedstock, and utilization pathway. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.084, Cucchiella F, DAdamo I (2016) Technical and economic analysis of biomethane: a focus on the role of subsidies. Clean Techn Environ Policy 14:10851093. Alternatively, it is necessary to ensure an alternative use or storage (Hornbachner et al. For the moment, a relatively small but growing share of the biogas produced worldwide is upgraded to biomethane. There is the possibility of utilization in a dual-fuel engine (Jaber et al. MSW can either feed a biodigester or be disposed in landfill to produce landfill gas. (PDF) How to use biogas?: A systematic review of biogas utilization 2021). Converting biowaste into biogas, via anaerobic digestion technology, is a strategy that could contribute to multiple U.N. Well send you a link to a feedback form. Initial studies indicate that in situ methods can offer better profitability for small to medium-sized plants and achieve a methane content of 85%. The use of captured CO2 is a research interest that has emerged mainly in recent years. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.074, Strmer B, Theuretzbacher F, Saracevic E (2021b) Opportunities for the integration of existing biogas plants into the Austrian electricity market. It occurs naturally in compost heaps, as swamp gas, and as a result of enteric fermentation in cattle and other ruminants. Regarding existing biogas plants, which were originally designed for base load operation, two retrofitting options for flexible generation are available: they can be adapted for flexible power production either by lowering the rated output or by increasing the power generation capacity. Introduction Energy is a fundamental requirement for man's comfort and basic needs of everyday life. Fuel 303:121327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121327, Cavana M, Leone P (2019) Biogas blending into the gas grid of a small municipality for the decarbonization of the heating sector. No geographical focus of the research could be identified. If regulations in the area of the carbon emission trading systems are strengthened, additional revenue can be generated through the negative CO2 balance (Carranza-Abaid et al. There is a clustering for Italy (n=5, e.g., (Cavana and Leone 2019; Patrizio and Chinese 2016)), Germany (n=4, e.g., (Billig et al. Bioresour Technol 264:359369. Since this is a less mature technology than anaerobic digestion, thermal gasification arguably offers greater potential for technological innovation and cost reductions. The second way to operate a CHP unit is to generate energy according to a demand or a price signal. : A systematic review of biogas utilization pathways and business models, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-022-00545-z, Business model 1.2: Demand-oriented flexibilization, Pathway 3: Upgrading of biogas to a gas of higher value, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112641, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.057, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105313, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10137-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2019.01.012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.01.002, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.060, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105878, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.098, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.05.104, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-019-00937-2, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.084, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.04.058, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.01.181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.005, https://doi.org/10.1080/01425918408909945, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.03.070, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.06.036, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122476, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41660-017-0024-z, https://www.eafo.eu/countries/european-union-efta-turkey/23682/countries-compared, https://www.acea.auto/files/report-vehicles-in-use-europe-january-2021-1.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2016.1176557, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.11.001, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2021.100034, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.085, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.01.032, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00187-012-0153-z, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.188, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crcon.2019.05.001, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.12.012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.098, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.11.022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.08.004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2019.01.005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117426, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.04.015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.01.007, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.030, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1738, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.02.072, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.045, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-017-1341-1, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-015-9683-7, https://agriculture.newholland.com/eu/en-uk/equipment/products/agricultural-tractors/t6-methane-power, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.044, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.07.047, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.07.074, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.033, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.06.011, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-012-0513-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-018-1776-x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.04.021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2019.09.003, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.074, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110548, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.12.053, https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2015.1018992, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2009.10.009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.026, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.04.084, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Whilst the basic theory of creating biogas is the same, the process can vary according to the technology being used. Biosynthesis of PHB by . The Click! Currently, biogas is not used in common practice for mobile internal combustion engines without upgrading (Owczuk et al. Bioresour Technol 214:722728. The success of biomethane in the heating sector depends primarily on the prices of substitute goods and suffers, above all, from low natural gas prices. Renew Energy 53:121131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-015-9683-7, Natural & Bio Gas Vehicle Association (2019) Vehicle Catalogue, New Holland Agriculture UK (2021) New Holland Agricultural Tractors T6 METHANE POWER Overview. In the meantime, a first series tractor that runs 100% on biomethane has reached market maturity (New Holland Agriculture UK 2021). The upgrading allows the injection of the gas into the existing gas grid. As it produces a form of gas, special biogas stoves have now been made to allow people to cook using it. The advantage of this option is that the utilization is independent of the location where the biogas is produced, which can lead to higher efficiency due to a higher heat utilization rate, as well as the possibility to use the natural gas grid as biomethane storage (Budzianowski and Budzianowska 2015; Horschig et al. The biogas for use in households is normally produced in a decentralized manner and used directly, for example, for cooking (Hamid and Blanchard 2018), but also to supply power or produce fertilizer for agricultural purposes (Das et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.060, Bragana I, Snchez-Sobern F, Pantuzza GF, Alves A, Ratola N (2020) Impurities in biogas: analytical strategies, occurrence, effects and removal technologies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.06.011, Redwanz M, Walter H (1984) Biogas und thanol als alternative Kraftstoffe fr landwirtschaftliche Motoren. PDF Fundamentals on Biogas Production Process - saarcenergy.org One advantage of on-site use of a CHP unit is that the energy generated can be used to cover the internal energy demand of the anaerobic digestion process. Bioprocess. There are different focuses on the upgrading of biogas in the literature, like the comparison of different biogas utilization pathways to the upgrading to biomethane (Horschig et al. Biogas is a gaseous mixture formed mainly by methane and carbon dioxide, and it is obtained by the fermentation of organic matter with the action of anaerobic microorganisms. Biomethane is currently provided at a higher price than natural gas even under the best circumstances (Paturska et al. Figure2 shows that interest in biogas business models and utilization pathways is mainly centered in the European region (64% of the relevant papers). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.05.104, Butemann H, Schimmelpfeng K (2020) Long-term electricity production planning of a flexible biogas plant considering wear and tear. Several publications have already examined and compared different pathways of biogas, for example (Bystricky et al. Biogas provides a sustainable supply of heat and power that can serve communities seeking local, decentralised sources of energy, as well as a valuable cooking fuel for developing countries. Find out about the Energy Bills Support Scheme, Department for Energy Security and Net Zero, Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy, Methods of calculating greenhouse gas emissions, Green Gas Support Scheme (GGSS): open to applications, Green Gas Levy (GGL): rates and exemptions, Green Gas Support Scheme: budget management, Green Gas Support Scheme (GGSS): annual tariff reviews and tariff change notices. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is an important and promising biopolymer, which is degradable also in the marine environment. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. File Download. The consideration of the direct use of biogas has been relatively constant over the years at a comparatively low level. 2013). Research interest is concentrated in Europe, especially Germany (n=15, e.g., (Butemann and Schimmelpfeng 2020; Theuerl et al. : Handlungsmglichkeiten fr Anlagenbetreiber, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Gsewell J, Bahret C, Eltrop L (2020) Auswirkungen von vernderten energie- und umweltrelevanten Rahmenbedingungen und Technologiefortschritt auf die Entwicklung schsischer Biogasanlagen - AuRaSa, Gsewell J, Eltrop L, Hufendiek K (2021) Seasonal flexibilisation: a solution for biogas plants to improve profitability. The remainder provides methane for a variety of local end uses. These innovative systems offer precise monitoring and analysis of biogas composition, enabling operators to optimise the process for enhanced productivity. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EE00642H, Saracevic E, Woess D, Theuretzbacher F, Friedl A, Miltner A (2018) Techno-economic assessment of providing control energy reserves with a biogas plant. Feeding biomethane into the grid is already a common practice in countries such as Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Austria (Korberg et al. In Germany, off-site CHP use is the most favored utilization path for biomethane with over 85%. 1. As they do this, they give off biogas, which then rises to the top of the digester, whilst the solid content falls to the bottom and can be extracted and used as fertiliser, animal bedding or flowerpots to name just a few options. Language (s) English. Methods for making such estimates are important as biofuels from agricultural residues are receiving increasing policy support from the EU and major biogas producers . It will take only 2 minutes to fill in. Sust Energy Fuels 4:29672986. This existing infrastructure can, thus, be used for the distribution of biomethane, since the latter can be substituted directly for the natural gas that is used throughout the country today (Cavana and Leone 2019). In the long term, it is being discussed whether the natural gas infrastructure can be used to distribute H2 leading towards the elimination of the use of fossil fuels (Dodds and Demoullin 2013). Over the same period, there have also been significant changes and improvements in the technologies used. Contact greengassupport@beis.gov.uk if you have any questions. PubMed 2019). During this time, the number of publications has increased steadily, but not explosively. The direct use of biogas can be divided into two categories: the use of biogas in households, for example, for cooking or heating, or in tractors or agricultural machinery. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.06.036, Dzene I, Romagnoli F, Seile G, Blumberga D (2014) Comparison of different biogas use pathways for Latvia: biogas use in CHP vs. biogas upgrading. Upgrading biogas into biomethane is usually only an interesting business model when subsidies are involved since the costs for producing biomethane exceed the market price for natural gas (Budzianowski and Budzianowska 2015). The development of biogas has been uneven across the world, as it depends not only on the availability of feedstocks but also on policies that encourage its production and use. However, this interest has increased steadily only since 2009. The future development of this sales channel depends on the development of CNG vehicles (Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. 2012). In this context, the use of captured CO2 was also investigated in seven papers. If it is cleaned adequately by removing carbon dioxide, water, and other trace elements, it can be injected into gas pipelines and through catalytic chemical oxidation, the methane can be used to produce methanol. The development of the CO2 price will be relevant for biogas plants in the future. 2020). In the future, pricing of CO2 emissions or alternatively the sale of green gas certificates can contribute to profitability (Patrizio et al. Size of this JPG preview of this PDF file: 452 599 pixels. 2019), whereby the profitability of different plant constellations could definitely be proven (Cucchiella and DAdamo 2016). Eng Life Sci 10:570576. In addition to the revenue streams, the business model specifies the utilization pathway and the profitability in a sales market, including costs. 2017), India (Bhatia et al. The development of new biogas projects fell sharply after 2011 as the value of emission reduction credits awarded under the CDM dropped. The last option is the upgrading of biogas (Pathway 3: Upgrading of biogas to a gas of higher value). This requires the construction of microgrids to connect the biogas plants to the upgrading plant. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2019.01.005, Kemausuor F, Adaramola MS, Morken J (2018) A review of commercial biogas systems and lessons for Africa. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.098, Horschig T, Welfle A, Billig E, Thrn D (2019) From Paris agreement to business cases for upgraded biogas: analysis of potential market uptake for biomethane plants in Germany using biogenic carbon capture and utilization technologies. Today there is around 18GW of installed power generation capacity running on biogas around the world, most of which is in Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom. Accessed 17 Aug 2021, European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2018) Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (Recast), Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (2012) Biomethan, Fenton P, Kanda W (2017) Barriers to the diffusion of renewable energy: studies of biogas for transport in two European cities. Possible business models are evaluated starting from the structure given by the three utilization pathways presented in Biogas utilization pathways. Factors influencing the profitability of a given business model thus include the size of the biogas plant, since upgrading biogas becomes more cost-effective especially as volumes increase, and the availability of local customers for heat or generated biomethane. Against the backdrop of the continuing climb in global energy prices, energy recovery from organic residues and waste streams is becoming an ever more attractive proposition. Examples are CO2 desorption, the pressure reactor, H2 (hydrogen) addition and electromethanogenesis. Carbon Resour Convers 2:117125. The results of the literature research on biogas business models are then presented in detail, subdivided according to the different utilization routes. However, process instability and general suboptimal operational conditions with low efficiency limit the economic feasibility and further development of commercial biogas plants. The anaerobic has been popular for years as it is something which can be done on the smallest scale, with some biodigesters being used in domestic settings using kitchen waste whilst farms have made use of the animal waste products that are produced every day. Compared to using natural gas, biomethane is more expensive but can also result in negative GHG emissions, which in turn can contribute to profitability (Braga et al. Biomass Bioenergy 128:105313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105313, Br K, Wageneder S, Solka F, Saidi A, Zrner W (2020) Flexibility potential of photovoltaic power plant and biogas plant hybrid systems in the distribution grid. Furthermore, a development in the focus of the discussion of business models has emerged. Due to the partial lack of infrastructure in the area of natural gas filling stations and the associated investment costs, as well as the remaining GHG emissions, it is partly assumed that the future of mobility will instead be shaped by electromobility (Banja et al. This guide aims to help energy statisticians to measure and estimate the capacity and production of biogas plants, as well as other aspects of biogas production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1738, Liebetrau J, Daniel-Gromke J, Jacobi F (2015) Flexible power generation from biogas. For example, revenues can be increased by installing a thermal storage system (Wille-Haussmann et al. Int J Solar Energy 2:477485. In: Thrn D (ed) Smart bioenergy.